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Description
PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
Principles of Economics covers the competencies required to apply economics concepts to solve business problems. Competencies include: Apply foundational economic concepts to manage limited resources, determine the pricing of commodities using the forces of demand and supply, apply the theory of consumer behaviour in determining consumer satisfaction, apply the theory of production to determine appropriate mix of factors of production, apply the theory of costs to determine the cost of production, use mathematical approach to determine profit maximisation in various market structures and evaluate the impact of macro-economic factors on an organisation
LEARNING OUTCOMES
- Apply foundational economic concepts to manage limited resources
- Determine the pricing of commodities using the forces of demand and supply
- Apply the theory of consumer behaviour in determining consumer satisfaction
- Apply the theory of production to determine appropriate mix of factors of production
- Apply the theory of costs to determine the cost of production
- Use mathematical approach to determine profit maximisation in various market structures
- Evaluate the impact of macro-economic factors on an organisation
CONTENT:
- Apply foundational economic concepts to manage limited resources
- Introduction to economics
- Definition of economics
- Basic economic concepts: Economic resources, human wants, scarcity and choice, opportunity cost, production possibility curves/frontiers, wealth, welfare
- Scope of economics: Micro and macro economics
- Methodology of economics: Positive and normative economics, scientific methods, economics as a social science
- Economic systems: Planned economy, free market economy, mixed economy
- Consumers’ sovereignty and its limitations
- Introduction to economics
2. Determine the pricing of commodities using the forces of demand and supply
- Demand, supply and determination of equilibrium
- Demand analysis
- Definition
- Law of demand
- Exceptional demand curves
- Individual demand versus market demand
- Factors influencing demand
- Types of demand
- Movement along and shifts of demand curves
- Elasticity of demand
- Types of elasticity of demand: Price, income and cross elasticity
- Measurement of elasticity; point and arc elasticity
- Factors influencing elasticity of demand
- Applications of elasticity of demand
- Supply analysis
- Definition
- Individual versus market supply
- Factors influencing supply
- Movements along and shifts of supply curves
- Definition of elasticity of supply
- Price elasticity of supply
- Factors influencing elasticity of supply
- Applications of elasticity of supply
- Determination of equilibrium
- Interaction of supply and demand, equilibrium price and quantity
- Mathematical approach to equilibrium analysis
- Stable versus unstable equilibrium
- Effects of shifts in demand and supply on market equilibrium
- Effect of taxes and subsidies on market equilibrium
- Price controls: Maximum and Minimum price control
- Price decontrols: Effect of Minimum and Maximum price decontrol
- Reasons for price fluctuations in agriculture and the cobweb theorem
- Demand analysis
3. Apply thetheory of consumer behaviour in determining consumer satisfaction
- The theory of consumer behaviour
- Approaches to the theory of the consumer – cardinal versus ordinal approach
- Utility analysis, marginal utility (MU), law of diminishing marginal utility (DMU)
- Limitations of cardinal approach
- Indifference curve analysis: Indifference curves and budget line
- Consumer equilibrium: Effects of changes in prices and incomes on consumer equilibrium
- Derivation of a demand curve
- Applications of indifference curve analysis: substitution effect and income effect for a normal good, inferior good and a giffen good; derivation of the Engels curve
- Indifference curves for perfect substitutes and perfect complements
- Consumer surplus/Marshallian surplus
4. Apply the theory of production to determine appropriate mix of factors of production
- The theory of production
- Introduction to production
- Factors of production
- Mobility of factors of production
- Short run analysis
- Total product, average and marginal products
- Stages in production and the law of variable proportions/the law of diminishing returns
- Long run analysis
- Isoquant and isocost lines
- The concept of producer equilibrium and firm’s expansion curve/path
- Law of decreasing returns to scale
- Isoquants for perfect substitutes and perfect complements
- Demand and supply of factors of production
- Wage determination: demand and supply for labour
- Marginal productivity Theory
- Wage differential
- Trade unions: functions, effectiveness and challenges
- Transfer earnings and economic rent/producers surplus
5. Apply the theory of costs to determine the cost of production
- The theory of costs
- Short run costs analysis and size of the firm’s total cost, fixed cost, average cost, variable costs and marginal cost
- Long run costs analysis
- Optimal size of a firm
- Economies and diseconomies of scale
6. Use mathematical approach to determine profit maximisation in various market structures
- Market Structures
- Definition of a market
- Necessary and sufficient conditions for profit maximisation
- Mathematical approach to profit maximisation
- Output, prices and efficiency of: Perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, oligopolistic competition
7. Evaluate the impact of macro-economic factors on an organisation
- Introduction to macroeconomics
- The basic concepts and scope of macroeconomic analysis
- The major goals/aims of macroeconomic policy
- Importance of macroeconomics
- The limitations of macroeconomics
- National income
- Definition of national income
- Circular flow of income
- Methods/approaches to measuring national income; output, income and expenditure method
- Concepts of national income: gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP) and net national product (NNP), net national income (NNI) at market price and factor cost, disposable income
- Difficulties in measuring national income
- Uses of income statistics
- Analysis of consumption, saving and investment and their interaction in a simple economic model
- Mathematical approach to the determination of equilibrium national income
- Inflationary and deflationary gaps
- The multiplier and accelerator concepts
- Business cycles/cyclical fluctuations
- Economic growth, economic development and economic planning
- The differences between economic growth and economic development
- Actual and potential growth
- The benefits and costs of economic growth
- Determinants of economic development
- Common characteristics of developing countries
- Obstacles to economic development
- The need for development planning
- Short term, medium term and long term planning tools
- Challenges to economic planning in developing countries
- Money
- The nature and functions of money
- Demand and supply of money
- Theories of demand for money: The quantity theory, the Keynesian liquidity preference theory
- The banking system
- Definition of commercial banks
- The role of commercial banks and non-banking financial institutions in the economy
- Credit creation
- Definition of central bank
- The role of the central bank; traditional and changing role in a liberalised economy, such as financial sector reform, exchange rate reform
- Monetary policy, definition, objectives, instruments and limitations
- Classical theory of interest rate determination
- Interest rates and their effects on the level of investment, output, inflation and employment
- Harmonisation of fiscal and monetary policies
- Simple IS-LM Model
- Partial equilibrium and general equilibrium
- Inflation
7.17..1 Definition and types of inflation
7.17.2 Causes of inflation: cost push and demand pull
7.17.3 Effects of inflation
7.17.4 Measures to control inflation
- Unemployment
- Definition of unemployment
- Types and causes of unemployment
- Control measures of unemployment
- Relationship between unemployment and inflation: The Phillips curve
- Agriculture and Industry
- Role of agriculture in economic development
- Challenges facing agricultural sector in developing countries
- Policies to improve the agricultural sector
- Role of industry in economic development
- Benefits of industrialisation in developing countries
- Obstacles to industrial development in developing countries
- Policies to enhance industrial development in developing countries
